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Is it possible to fill the boxes of a boxplot with filling patterns/texture instead of colours? Or both mixed? (for example white, grey, left diagonal striped, right diagonal striped) How can I do that? I searched here, but didn't find an answer.
Thank you! |
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Probably not. See http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill-Pattern-td4457209.html on this topic.
What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or alternative. John Kane Kingston ON Canada > -----Original Message----- > From: [hidden email] > Sent: Wed, 8 Aug 2012 16:56:05 -0700 (PDT) > To: [hidden email] > Subject: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > Is it possible to fill the boxes of a boxplot with filling > patterns/texture > instead of colours? Or both mixed? (for example white, grey, left > diagonal > striped, right diagonal striped) How can I do that? I searched here, but > didn't find an answer. > Thank you! > > > > -- > View this message in context: > http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Fill-pattern-for-Boxplots-tp4639698.html > Sent from the R help mailing list archive at Nabble.com. > > ______________________________________________ > [hidden email] mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide > http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ____________________________________________________________ FREE ONLINE PHOTOSHARING - Share your photos online with your friends and family! Visit http://www.inbox.com/photosharing to find out more! ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn lattice for
this reason (was afraid to have to change then everything else in my graph). Anyway, I now tried with different shades of greyscale (4 shades). I'm not fully satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a publication and depending on whether I have to change the graph, I decide to either put texture in some boxes manually or still look for a solution in R. --------Original Message---------- From: John Kane <[hidden email]> To: suse <[hidden email]>, [hidden email] Date: 09.08.2012 16:52 Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > Probably not. See http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill-Pattern-td4457209.html on this topic. > > What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or alternative. > > John Kane > Kingston ON Canada > > ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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You might want to have a look at RColorBrewer. If I remember correctly some of their palettes should work better than a standard R greyscale but I must admit I have not tried them. http://www.decisionstats.com/color-palettes-in-r-using-rcolorbrewer-rstats/ for a start. John Kane Kingston ON Canada > -----Original Message----- > From: [hidden email] > Sent: Thu, 09 Aug 2012 19:07:43 +0200 > To: [hidden email] > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn lattice for > this reason (was afraid to have to change then everything else in my > graph). Anyway, I now tried with different shades of greyscale (4 > shades). I'm not fully satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a > publication and depending on whether I have to change the graph, I > decide to either put texture in some boxes manually or still look for a > solution in R. > > > --------Original Message---------- > From: John Kane <[hidden email]> > To: suse <[hidden email]>, [hidden email] > Date: 09.08.2012 16:52 > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? >> Probably not. See >> http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill-Pattern-td4457209.html on >> this topic. >> >> What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or alternative. >> >> John Kane >> Kingston ON Canada >> >> ____________________________________________________________ FREE 3D EARTH SCREENSAVER - Watch the Earth right on your desktop! ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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In reply to this post by suse
It's not too hard to use rect() to add shading to the boxplots. The boxes
are centered on consecutive integers and the width is +/- .4. The boxplot() function returns the quartiles of each box. set.seed(42) DF <- data.frame(val=rnorm(150), grp=rep(letters[1:6], 25)) outstat <- boxplot(val~grp, DF) # save the boxplot stats ngroups <- length(levels(DF$grp)) # get number of groups dval <- c(6, 6, 6, 12, 12, 12) # density vals for each group aval <- c(0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) # angle vals for each group rect((1:ngroups)-.4, outstat$stats[2,], (1:ngroups)+.4, outstat$stats[4,], density=dval, angle=aval) # draw the rectangles You can also play with lty= and lwd= but that will affect the box border as well. ---------------------------------------------- David L Carlson Associate Professor of Anthropology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-4352 > -----Original Message----- > From: [hidden email] [mailto:r-help-bounces@r- > project.org] On Behalf Of Susanne Meyfarth > Sent: Thursday, August 09, 2012 12:08 PM > To: John Kane > Cc: [hidden email] > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn lattice for > this reason (was afraid to have to change then everything else in my > graph). Anyway, I now tried with different shades of greyscale (4 > shades). I'm not fully satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a > publication and depending on whether I have to change the graph, I > decide to either put texture in some boxes manually or still look for a > solution in R. > > > --------Original Message---------- > From: John Kane <[hidden email]> > To: suse <[hidden email]>, [hidden email] > Date: 09.08.2012 16:52 > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > Probably not. See http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill-Pattern- > td4457209.html on this topic. > > > > What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or > alternative. > > > > John Kane > > Kingston ON Canada > > > > > > ______________________________________________ > [hidden email] mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- > guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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Thank you! This sounds good and easy to do (if I can as well make
stripes to the legend) --------Original Message---------- From: David L Carlson <[hidden email]> To: <[hidden email]>, 'John Kane' <[hidden email]> Date: 09.08.2012 22:10 Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > It's not too hard to use rect() to add shading to the boxplots. The boxes > are centered on consecutive integers and the width is +/- .4. The boxplot() > function returns the quartiles of each box. > > set.seed(42) > DF<- data.frame(val=rnorm(150), grp=rep(letters[1:6], 25)) > outstat<- boxplot(val~grp, DF) # save the boxplot stats > ngroups<- length(levels(DF$grp)) # get number of groups > dval<- c(6, 6, 6, 12, 12, 12) # density vals for each group > aval<- c(0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) # angle vals for each group > rect((1:ngroups)-.4, outstat$stats[2,], (1:ngroups)+.4, outstat$stats[4,], > density=dval, angle=aval) # draw the rectangles > > You can also play with lty= and lwd= but that will affect the box border as > well. > > ---------------------------------------------- > David L Carlson > Associate Professor of Anthropology > Texas A&M University > College Station, TX 77843-4352 > >> -----Original Message----- >> From: [hidden email] [mailto:r-help-bounces@r- >> project.org] On Behalf Of Susanne Meyfarth >> Sent: Thursday, August 09, 2012 12:08 PM >> To: John Kane >> Cc: [hidden email] >> Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? >> >> Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn lattice for >> this reason (was afraid to have to change then everything else in my >> graph). Anyway, I now tried with different shades of greyscale (4 >> shades). I'm not fully satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a >> publication and depending on whether I have to change the graph, I >> decide to either put texture in some boxes manually or still look for a >> solution in R. >> >> >> --------Original Message---------- >> From: John Kane<[hidden email]> >> To: suse<[hidden email]>, [hidden email] >> Date: 09.08.2012 16:52 >> Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? >>> Probably not. See http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill-Pattern- >> td4457209.html on this topic. >>> What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or >> alternative. >>> John Kane >>> Kingston ON Canada >>> >>> >> ______________________________________________ >> [hidden email] mailing list >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- >> guide.html >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. -- Susanne Meyfarth Plant Ecology& Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Maulbeerallee 2 D - 14469 Potsdam Germany Phone: +49-331-977 1910 Fax: +49-331-977 1930 ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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In reply to this post by suse
> -----Original Message----- > From: [hidden email] > [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of Susanne Meyfarth > Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn > lattice for this reason (was afraid to have to change then > everything else in my graph). Anyway, I now tried with > different shades of greyscale (4 shades). I'm not fully > satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a publication and > depending on whether I have to change the graph, I decide to > either put texture in some boxes manually or still look for a > solution in R. You could create your own boxplot functions from the existing code. In this instance, you'd need a at least a modest modification to bxp() I have included a shaded.bxp function that does the (basic) job below (see between #=============). bxp is normally called by boxplot, so you'd need to have a modified boxplot as werll if you wanted to work most simply. However, bxp will plot a boxplot object produced with plot=FALSE, so a modified bxp does the job for a one-off. To use it, do something like this: x<-rnorm(150) g <- gl(5,30) b.x <- boxplot(x~g, plot=FALSE) #creates the boxplot object bxp expects. shaded.bxp(b.x, density=10, boxfill=1) #For different shadings in the same set of boxes, this variant accepts vector density and angle: use shaded.bxp(b.x, density=5*1:5, boxfill=1 , angle=seq(45, 135, length=5)) #If you need to build a complicated boxplot as in the ?boxplot example, with one fill for each set of boxes, you'll need to create the boxplot objects and add them separately: y<-rnorm(150) b.y <- boxplot(y~g, plot=FALSE) shaded.bxp(b.x, density=10, boxfill=1, at=1:5-0.2, boxwex=0.3, axes=FALSE, ylim=range(pretty(c(x,y)))) #note the ylim allowance for all data shaded.bxp(b.y, density=5, angle=135, boxfill=1, at=1:5+0.2, boxwex=0.3, add=TRUE, axes=FALSE) box() axis(2) axis(1, at=1:5, labels=paste("Group", 1:5)) Steve Ellison #================================ #bxp including shading shaded.bxp <- function (z, notch = FALSE, width = NULL, varwidth = FALSE, outline = TRUE, notch.frac = 0.5, log = "", border = par("fg"), pars = NULL, frame.plot = axes, horizontal = FALSE, add = FALSE, at = NULL, show.names = NULL, density=NULL, angle=45, ...) { pars <- c(list(...), pars) pars <- pars[unique(names(pars))] bplt <- function(x, wid, stats, out, conf, notch, xlog, i, density, angle=45, boxfill) { ok <- TRUE if (!any(is.na(stats))) { xP <- if (xlog) function(x, w) x * exp(w) else function(x, w) x + w wid <- wid/2 if (notch) { ok <- stats[2L] <= conf[1L] && conf[2L] <= stats[4L] xx <- xP(x, wid * c(-1, 1, 1, notch.frac, 1, 1, -1, -1, -notch.frac, -1)) yy <- c(stats[c(2, 2)], conf[1L], stats[3L], conf[2L], stats[c(4, 4)], conf[2L], stats[3L], conf[1L]) } else { xx <- xP(x, wid * c(-1, 1, 1, -1)) yy <- stats[c(2, 2, 4, 4)] } if (!notch) notch.frac <- 1 wntch <- notch.frac * wid xypolygon(xx, yy, lty = "blank", col = boxfill[i], density=density[i], angle=angle[i]) xysegments(xP(x, -wntch), stats[3L], xP(x, +wntch), stats[3L], lty = medlty[i], lwd = medlwd[i], col = medcol[i], lend = 1) xypoints(x, stats[3L], pch = medpch[i], cex = medcex[i], col = medcol[i], bg = medbg[i]) xysegments(rep.int(x, 2), stats[c(1, 5)], rep.int(x, 2), stats[c(2, 4)], lty = whisklty[i], lwd = whisklwd[i], col = whiskcol[i]) xysegments(rep.int(xP(x, -wid * staplewex[i]), 2), stats[c(1, 5)], rep.int(xP(x, +wid * staplewex[i]), 2), stats[c(1, 5)], lty = staplelty[i], lwd = staplelwd[i], col = staplecol[i]) xypolygon(xx, yy, lty = boxlty[i], lwd = boxlwd[i], border = boxcol[i], density=density[i], angle=angle[i], col=boxfill[i]) if ((nout <- length(out))) { xysegments(rep(x - wid * outwex, nout), out, rep(x + wid * outwex, nout), out, lty = outlty[i], lwd = outlwd[i], col = outcol[i]) xypoints(rep.int(x, nout), out, pch = outpch[i], lwd = outlwd[i], cex = outcex[i], col = outcol[i], bg = outbg[i]) } if (any(inf <- !is.finite(out))) { warning(sprintf(ngettext(length(unique(out[inf])), "Outlier (%s) in boxplot %d is not drawn", "Outliers (%s) in boxplot %d are not drawn"), paste(unique(out[inf]), collapse = ", "), x), domain = NA) } } return(ok) } if (!is.list(z) || 0L == (n <- length(z$n))) stop("invalid first argument") if (is.null(at)) at <- 1L:n else if (length(at) != n) stop("'at' must have same length as 'z$n', i.e. ", n) if (is.null(z$out)) z$out <- numeric() if (is.null(z$group) || !outline) z$group <- integer() if (is.null(pars$ylim)) ylim <- range(z$stats[is.finite(z$stats)], if (outline) z$out[is.finite(z$out)], if (notch) z$conf[is.finite(z$conf)]) else { ylim <- pars$ylim pars$ylim <- NULL } if (is.null(pars$xlim)) xlim <- c(0.5, n + 0.5) else { xlim <- pars$xlim pars$xlim <- NULL } if (length(border) == 0L) border <- par("fg") dev.hold() on.exit(dev.flush()) if (!add) { plot.new() if (horizontal) plot.window(ylim = xlim, xlim = ylim, log = log, xaxs = pars$yaxs) else plot.window(xlim = xlim, ylim = ylim, log = log, yaxs = pars$yaxs) } xlog <- (par("ylog") && horizontal) || (par("xlog") && !horizontal) pcycle <- function(p, def1, def2 = NULL) rep(if (length(p)) p else if (length(def1)) def1 else def2, length.out = n) p <- function(sym) pars[[sym, exact = TRUE]] boxlty <- pcycle(pars$boxlty, p("lty"), par("lty")) boxlwd <- pcycle(pars$boxlwd, p("lwd"), par("lwd")) boxcol <- pcycle(pars$boxcol, border) boxfill <- pcycle(pars$boxfill, par("bg")) density <- rep(density, length.out=n) density <- rep(density, length.out=n) angle <- rep(angle, length.out=n) boxwex <- pcycle(pars$boxwex, 0.8 * { if (n <= 1) 1 else stats::quantile(diff(sort(if (xlog) log(at) else at)), 0.1) }) medlty <- pcycle(pars$medlty, p("lty"), par("lty")) medlwd <- pcycle(pars$medlwd, 3 * p("lwd"), 3 * par("lwd")) medpch <- pcycle(pars$medpch, NA_integer_) medcex <- pcycle(pars$medcex, p("cex"), par("cex")) medcol <- pcycle(pars$medcol, border) medbg <- pcycle(pars$medbg, p("bg"), par("bg")) whisklty <- pcycle(pars$whisklty, p("lty"), "dashed") whisklwd <- pcycle(pars$whisklwd, p("lwd"), par("lwd")) whiskcol <- pcycle(pars$whiskcol, border) staplelty <- pcycle(pars$staplelty, p("lty"), par("lty")) staplelwd <- pcycle(pars$staplelwd, p("lwd"), par("lwd")) staplecol <- pcycle(pars$staplecol, border) staplewex <- pcycle(pars$staplewex, 0.5) outlty <- pcycle(pars$outlty, "blank") outlwd <- pcycle(pars$outlwd, p("lwd"), par("lwd")) outpch <- pcycle(pars$outpch, p("pch"), par("pch")) outcex <- pcycle(pars$outcex, p("cex"), par("cex")) outcol <- pcycle(pars$outcol, border) outbg <- pcycle(pars$outbg, p("bg"), par("bg")) outwex <- pcycle(pars$outwex, 0.5) width <- if (!is.null(width)) { if (length(width) != n | any(is.na(width)) | any(width <= 0)) stop("invalid boxplot widths") boxwex * width/max(width) } else if (varwidth) boxwex * sqrt(z$n/max(z$n)) else if (n == 1) 0.5 * boxwex else rep.int(boxwex, n) if (horizontal) { xypoints <- function(x, y, ...) points(y, x, ...) xypolygon <- function(x, y, ...) polygon(y, x, ...) xysegments <- function(x0, y0, x1, y1, ...) segments(y0, x0, y1, x1, ...) } else { xypoints <- points xypolygon <- polygon xysegments <- segments } ok <- TRUE for (i in 1L:n) ok <- ok & bplt(at[i], wid = width[i], stats = z$stats[, i], out = z$out[z$group == i], conf = z$conf[, i], notch = notch, xlog = xlog, i = i, density=density, angle=angle, boxfill=boxfill) if (!ok) warning("some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE") axes <- is.null(pars$axes) if (!axes) { axes <- pars$axes pars$axes <- NULL } if (axes) { ax.pars <- pars[names(pars) %in% c("xaxt", "yaxt", "xaxp", "yaxp", "las", "cex.axis", "col.axis", "format")] if (is.null(show.names)) show.names <- n > 1 if (show.names) do.call("axis", c(list(side = 1 + horizontal, at = at, labels = z$names), ax.pars)) do.call("Axis", c(list(x = z$stats, side = 2 - horizontal), ax.pars)) } do.call("title", pars[names(pars) %in% c("main", "cex.main", "col.main", "sub", "cex.sub", "col.sub", "xlab", "ylab", "cex.lab", "col.lab")]) if (frame.plot) box() invisible(at) } #================================ ******************************************************************* This email and any attachments are confidential. Any use...{{dropped:8}} ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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In reply to this post by suse
legend() supports density= and angle= arguments. For example,
plot(1, 1, type="n") legend("topright", c("Slant Left", "Slant Right"), density=c(20, 20), angle=c(135, 45)) You may want to use larger density values than I used in my earlier post since the legend boxes are pretty small. ------- David > -----Original Message----- > From: [hidden email] [mailto:[hidden email]] > Sent: Thursday, August 09, 2012 6:55 PM > To: [hidden email] > Cc: [hidden email] > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > Thank you! This sounds good and easy to do (if I can as well make > stripes to the legend) > > --------Original Message---------- > From: David L Carlson <[hidden email]> > To: <[hidden email]>, 'John Kane' <[hidden email]> > Date: 09.08.2012 22:10 > Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > > It's not too hard to use rect() to add shading to the boxplots. The > boxes > > are centered on consecutive integers and the width is +/- .4. The > boxplot() > > function returns the quartiles of each box. > > > > set.seed(42) > > DF<- data.frame(val=rnorm(150), grp=rep(letters[1:6], 25)) > > outstat<- boxplot(val~grp, DF) # save the boxplot stats > > ngroups<- length(levels(DF$grp)) # get number of groups > > dval<- c(6, 6, 6, 12, 12, 12) # density vals for each > group > > aval<- c(0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) # angle vals for each group > > rect((1:ngroups)-.4, outstat$stats[2,], (1:ngroups)+.4, > outstat$stats[4,], > > density=dval, angle=aval) # draw the rectangles > > > > You can also play with lty= and lwd= but that will affect the box > border as > > well. > > > > ---------------------------------------------- > > David L Carlson > > Associate Professor of Anthropology > > Texas A&M University > > College Station, TX 77843-4352 > > > >> -----Original Message----- > >> From: [hidden email] [mailto:r-help-bounces@r- > >> project.org] On Behalf Of Susanne Meyfarth > >> Sent: Thursday, August 09, 2012 12:08 PM > >> To: John Kane > >> Cc: [hidden email] > >> Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > >> > >> Thank you. I saw these postings, but I don't want to learn lattice > for > >> this reason (was afraid to have to change then everything else in my > >> graph). Anyway, I now tried with different shades of greyscale (4 > >> shades). I'm not fully satisfied with it, but it's ok. It's for a > >> publication and depending on whether I have to change the graph, I > >> decide to either put texture in some boxes manually or still look > for a > >> solution in R. > >> > >> > >> --------Original Message---------- > >> From: John Kane<[hidden email]> > >> To: suse<[hidden email]>, [hidden email] > >> Date: 09.08.2012 16:52 > >> Subject: Re: [R] Fill pattern for Boxplots? > >>> Probably not. See http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Boxplot-Fill- > Pattern- > >> td4457209.html on this topic. > >>> What exactly are you doing? There may be a workaround or > >> alternative. > >>> John Kane > >>> Kingston ON Canada > >>> > >>> > >> ______________________________________________ > >> [hidden email] mailing list > >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > >> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- > >> guide.html > >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > -- > Susanne Meyfarth > Plant Ecology& Nature Conservation > University of Potsdam > Maulbeerallee 2 > D - 14469 Potsdam > Germany > > Phone: +49-331-977 1910 > Fax: +49-331-977 1930 ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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In reply to this post by suse
The fill patterns date back to when the main way to get quality graphs
was using a pen plotter. Filling a rectangle with color using a pen plotter took a long time and often resulted a soggy hole in the paper, so the fill lines were preferred back then. Now with high resolution screens and printers it is easy to do the flood fill rather than the patterns. You need to be careful with the fill patterns, they can end up causing moire effects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern) which can cause false impressions of movement or distortions of size. On Wed, Aug 8, 2012 at 5:56 PM, suse <[hidden email]> wrote: > Is it possible to fill the boxes of a boxplot with filling patterns/texture > instead of colours? Or both mixed? (for example white, grey, left diagonal > striped, right diagonal striped) How can I do that? I searched here, but > didn't find an answer. > Thank you! > > > > -- > View this message in context: http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Fill-pattern-for-Boxplots-tp4639698.html > Sent from the R help mailing list archive at Nabble.com. > > ______________________________________________ > [hidden email] mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. -- Gregory (Greg) L. Snow Ph.D. [hidden email] ______________________________________________ [hidden email] mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. |
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