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Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

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cddesjar

Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

Hi,
I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e. have a
code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look like
the following:

> suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
id_r sus
11 0
15 10
16 0
18 0
19 0
19 0
20 0
21 0
21 0
22 0
24 0
24 0
25 3
26 0
26 0
30 0
30 0
31 0
32 0
33 0

Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a 0
for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
Thanks!
Chris

[[alternative HTML version deleted]]

______________________________________________
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

Jorge I Velez

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

Hi Chris,

Is this what you have in mind?

> sum(with(yourdata, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x==0))))
[1] 13

HTH,
Jorge

On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:

> Hi,
> I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
> figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e. have a
> code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look like
> the following:
>
> > suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
> id_r sus
> 11 0
> 15 10
> 16 0
> 18 0
> 19 0
> 19 0
> 20 0
> 21 0
> 21 0
> 22 0
> 24 0
> 24 0
> 25 3
> 26 0
> 26 0
> 30 0
> 30 0
> 31 0
> 32 0
> 33 0
>
> Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a 0
> for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
> Thanks!
> Chris
>
> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>
> ______________________________________________
> [hidden email] mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>

[[alternative HTML version deleted]]

______________________________________________
[hidden email] mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

Douglas Bates-2

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

In reply to this post by cddesjar

On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins
<[hidden email]> wrote:

You say you have longitudinal data so may we assum that a particular
id_r can occur multiple times in the data set? It is not clear to me
what you want the result to be for students who have no suspensions at
one time but may have a suspension at another time. Are you
interested in the number of students who have only zeros in the sus
column?

One way to approach this task is to use tapply. I would create a data
frame and convert id_r to a factor.

df <- within(as.data.frame(suslm), id_r <- factor(id_r))
counts <- with(df, lapply(sus, id_r, function(sus) all(sus == 0)))

The tapply function will split the vector sus according to the levels
of id_r and apply the function to the subvectors.

I just say Jorge's response and he uses the same tactic but he is
looking for students who had any value of sus==0

______________________________________________
[hidden email] mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

cddesjar

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:03 PM, Douglas Bates <[hidden email]> wrote:

> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins
> <[hidden email]> wrote:
> > Hi,
> > I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
> > figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e. have
> a
> > code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look like
> > the following:
> >
> >> suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
> > id_r sus
> > 11 0
> > 15 10
> > 16 0
> > 18 0
> > 19 0
> > 19 0
> > 20 0
> > 21 0
> > 21 0
> > 22 0
> > 24 0
> > 24 0
> > 25 3
> > 26 0
> > 26 0
> > 30 0
> > 30 0
> > 31 0
> > 32 0
> > 33 0
> >
> > Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a 0
> > for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
>
> You say you have longitudinal data so may we assum that a particular
> id_r can occur multiple times in the data set?

Yes an id_r can occur multiple times in the data set.

> It is not clear to me
> what you want the result to be for students who have no suspensions at
> one time but may have a suspension at another time. Are you
> interested in the number of students who have only zeros in the sus
> column?
>

Yes. Once a student has a value other than zero I don't want to include that
student in the tally. So I want to know how many students never got
suspended during the study.

>
> One way to approach this task is to use tapply. I would create a data
> frame and convert id_r to a factor.
>
> df <- within(as.data.frame(suslm), id_r <- factor(id_r))
> counts <- with(df, lapply(sus, id_r, function(sus) all(sus == 0)))
>

I am getting the following message:

> df <- within(as.data.frame(suslm), id_r <- factor(id_r))
> counts <- with(df, lapply(sus, id_r, function(sus) all(sus == 0)))
Error in get(as.character(FUN), mode = "function", envir = envir) :
object 'id_r' of mode 'function' was not found

Thanks,
Chris

> The tapply function will split the vector sus according to the levels
> of id_r and apply the function to the subvectors.
>
> I just say Jorge's response and he uses the same tactic but he is
> looking for students who had any value of sus==0
>

[[alternative HTML version deleted]]

______________________________________________
[hidden email] mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

djmuseR

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

Hi:

Another approach would be to use xtabs(). Letting df represent your example
data frame,

(u <- with(df, xtabs(sus ~ id_r)))
# IDs returned as a character vector:
> names(u)[u == 0L]
[1] "11" "16" "18" "19" "20" "21" "22" "24" "26" "30" "31" "32" "33"

HTH,
Dennis

On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 2:10 PM, Christopher Desjardins <
[hidden email]> wrote:

> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:03 PM, Douglas Bates <[hidden email]> wrote:
>
> > On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins
> > <[hidden email]> wrote:
> > > Hi,
> > > I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
> > > figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e.
> have
> > a
> > > code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look
> like
> > > the following:
> > >
> > >> suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
> > > id_r sus
> > > 11 0
> > > 15 10
> > > 16 0
> > > 18 0
> > > 19 0
> > > 19 0
> > > 20 0
> > > 21 0
> > > 21 0
> > > 22 0
> > > 24 0
> > > 24 0
> > > 25 3
> > > 26 0
> > > 26 0
> > > 30 0
> > > 30 0
> > > 31 0
> > > 32 0
> > > 33 0
> > >
> > > Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a
> 0
> > > for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
> >
> > You say you have longitudinal data so may we assum that a particular
> > id_r can occur multiple times in the data set?
>
>
> Yes an id_r can occur multiple times in the data set.
>
>
> > It is not clear to me
> > what you want the result to be for students who have no suspensions at
> > one time but may have a suspension at another time. Are you
> > interested in the number of students who have only zeros in the sus
> > column?
> >
>
> Yes. Once a student has a value other than zero I don't want to include
> that
> student in the tally. So I want to know how many students never got
> suspended during the study.
>
>
> >
> > One way to approach this task is to use tapply. I would create a data
> > frame and convert id_r to a factor.
> >
> > df <- within(as.data.frame(suslm), id_r <- factor(id_r))
> > counts <- with(df, lapply(sus, id_r, function(sus) all(sus == 0)))
> >
>
>
> I am getting the following message:
>
> > df <- within(as.data.frame(suslm), id_r <- factor(id_r))
> > counts <- with(df, lapply(sus, id_r, function(sus) all(sus == 0)))
> Error in get(as.character(FUN), mode = "function", envir = envir) :
> object 'id_r' of mode 'function' was not found
>
>
> Thanks,
> Chris
>
>
> > The tapply function will split the vector sus according to the levels
> > of id_r and apply the function to the subvectors.
> >
> > I just say Jorge's response and he uses the same tactic but he is
> > looking for students who had any value of sus==0
> >
>
> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>
> ______________________________________________
> [hidden email] mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>

cddesjar

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

In reply to this post by Jorge I Velez

Hi Jorge,
I want to make sure this does what I want.

So I want to get a count of students that never get a suspension. Once a
student has a non-zero I don't want to count that student. Each id_r is may
be associated with multiple sus. Are these commands doing this? Because ...

> suslm[175953:nrow(suslm),c("id_r","sus")]
id_r sus
999881.5 999881 1
999881.6 999881 7
999881.7 999881 0
999881.8 999881 0
999886.5 999886 0
999886.6 999886 0
999886.7 999886 0
999886.8 999886 0
999890.5 999890 0
999890.6 999890 0
999890.7 999890 0
999890.8 999890 0
999892.5 999892 0
999892.6 999892 0
999892.7 999892 0
999892.8 999892 0
999896.5 999896 0
999896.6 999896 4
999896.7 999896 3
999896.8 999896 0
999897.5 999897 0
999897.6 999897 0
999897.7 999897 0
>
> tail(with(suslm,tapply(sus,id_r,function(x) any(x==0))))
999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> r <- with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))
> tail(with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))))
999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE

Based on this 999881 and 999896 should be FALSE not TRUE

I would expect if they were true for the first command they should be false
for the second command right?

> tail(names(r[ r == TRUE ]))
[1] "999752" "999767" "999806" "999807" "999881" "999896"
> tail(names(r[ r == FALSE ]))
[1] "999869" "999870" "999886" "999890" "999892" "999897"

This command seems to do the right thing. Is that right?

On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 10:25 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez
<[hidden email]>wrote:

> Hi Chris,
>
> Sorry I did not see your email before ;-) Here is one option:
>
> > r <- with(d, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0)))
> > r
> 11 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 30
> 31 32
> FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
> FALSE FALSE
> 33
> FALSE
> > names(r[ r == TRUE ])
> [1] "15" "25"
>
> Regards,
> Jorge
>
>
> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 5:03 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>
>> Thanks. And how many could I find that have greater than 0?
>> Chris
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:58 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez <> wrote:
>>
>>> Hi Chris,
>>>
>>> Is this what you have in mind?
>>>
>>> > sum(with(yourdata, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x==0))))
>>> [1] 13
>>>
>>> HTH,
>>> Jorge
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi,
>>>> I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
>>>> figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e. have
>>>> a
>>>> code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look
>>>> like
>>>> the following:
>>>>
>>>> > suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
>>>> id_r sus
>>>> 11 0
>>>> 15 10
>>>> 16 0
>>>> 18 0
>>>> 19 0
>>>> 19 0
>>>> 20 0
>>>> 21 0
>>>> 21 0
>>>> 22 0
>>>> 24 0
>>>> 24 0
>>>> 25 3
>>>> 26 0
>>>> 26 0
>>>> 30 0
>>>> 30 0
>>>> 31 0
>>>> 32 0
>>>> 33 0
>>>>
>>>> Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a
>>>> 0
>>>> for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
>>>> Thanks!
>>>> Chris
>>>>
>>>> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>>>>
>>>> ______________________________________________
>>>> [hidden email] mailing list
>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
>>>> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>>>>
>>>
>>>
>>
>

cddesjar

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

On Thu, Apr 7, 2011 at 8:07 AM, Christopher Desjardins <
[hidden email]> wrote:

> Hi Jorge,
> I want to make sure this does what I want.
>
> So I want to get a count of students that never get a suspension. Once a
> student has a non-zero I don't want to count that student. Each id_r is may
> be associated with multiple sus. Are these commands doing this? Because ...
>

Also sus = suspension

>
> > suslm[175953:nrow(suslm),c("id_r","sus")]
> id_r sus
> 999881.5 999881 1
> 999881.6 999881 7
> 999881.7 999881 0
> 999881.8 999881 0
> 999886.5 999886 0
> 999886.6 999886 0
> 999886.7 999886 0
> 999886.8 999886 0
> 999890.5 999890 0
> 999890.6 999890 0
> 999890.7 999890 0
> 999890.8 999890 0
> 999892.5 999892 0
> 999892.6 999892 0
> 999892.7 999892 0
> 999892.8 999892 0
> 999896.5 999896 0
> 999896.6 999896 4
> 999896.7 999896 3
> 999896.8 999896 0
> 999897.5 999897 0
> 999897.6 999897 0
> 999897.7 999897 0
> >
> > tail(with(suslm,tapply(sus,id_r,function(x) any(x==0))))
> 999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
> TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> > r <- with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))
> > tail(with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))))
> 999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
> TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
>
> Based on this 999881 and 999896 should be FALSE not TRUE
>

for tail(with(suslm,tapply(sus,id_r,function(x) any(x==0))))

>
> I would expect if they were true for the first command they should be false
> for the second command right?
>
> > tail(names(r[ r == TRUE ]))
> [1] "999752" "999767" "999806" "999807" "999881" "999896"
> > tail(names(r[ r == FALSE ]))
> [1] "999869" "999870" "999886" "999890" "999892" "999897"
>
> This command seems to do the right thing. Is that right?
>
>
> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 10:25 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez <
> [hidden email]> wrote:
>
>> Hi Chris,
>>
>> Sorry I did not see your email before ;-) Here is one option:
>>
>> > r <- with(d, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0)))
>> > r
>> 11 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 30
>> 31 32
>> FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
>> FALSE FALSE
>> 33
>> FALSE
>> > names(r[ r == TRUE ])
>> [1] "15" "25"
>>
>> Regards,
>> Jorge
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 5:03 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>>
>>> Thanks. And how many could I find that have greater than 0?
>>> Chris
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:58 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez <> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi Chris,
>>>>
>>>> Is this what you have in mind?
>>>>
>>>> > sum(with(yourdata, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x==0))))
>>>> [1] 13
>>>>
>>>> HTH,
>>>> Jorge
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi,
>>>>> I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
>>>>> figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e.
>>>>> have a
>>>>> code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look
>>>>> like
>>>>> the following:
>>>>>
>>>>> > suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
>>>>> id_r sus
>>>>> 11 0
>>>>> 15 10
>>>>> 16 0
>>>>> 18 0
>>>>> 19 0
>>>>> 19 0
>>>>> 20 0
>>>>> 21 0
>>>>> 21 0
>>>>> 22 0
>>>>> 24 0
>>>>> 24 0
>>>>> 25 3
>>>>> 26 0
>>>>> 26 0
>>>>> 30 0
>>>>> 30 0
>>>>> 31 0
>>>>> 32 0
>>>>> 33 0
>>>>>
>>>>> Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a
>>>>> 0
>>>>> for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
>>>>> Thanks!
>>>>> Chris
>>>>>
>>>>> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>>>>>
>>>>> ______________________________________________
>>>>> [hidden email] mailing list
>>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
>>>>> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>>>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>
>

Jorge I Velez

Re: Getting number of students with zeroes in long format

In reply to this post by cddesjar

Hi Chris,

Sorry for the late response. The following selects all students that have
never been suspended:

> with(susim, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) all(x == 0)))
999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE

> r <- with(susim, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) all(x == 0)))

> names(r)[r == FALSE] # id_r
[1] "999881" "999896"

> susim[! susim$id_r %in% names(r)[r == FALSE], ]
id_r sus
999886.5 999886 0
999886.6 999886 0
999886.7 999886 0
999886.8 999886 0
999890.5 999890 0
999890.6 999890 0
999890.7 999890 0
999890.8 999890 0
999892.5 999892 0
999892.6 999892 0
999892.7 999892 0
999892.8 999892 0
999897.5 999897 0
999897.6 999897 0
999897.7 999897 0

HTH,
Jorge

On Thu, Apr 7, 2011 at 9:07 AM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:

> Hi Jorge,
> I want to make sure this does what I want.
>
> So I want to get a count of students that never get a suspension. Once a
> student has a non-zero I don't want to count that student. Each id_r is may
> be associated with multiple sus. Are these commands doing this? Because ...
>
> > suslm[175953:nrow(suslm),c("id_r","sus")]
> id_r sus
> 999881.5 999881 1
> 999881.6 999881 7
> 999881.7 999881 0
> 999881.8 999881 0
> 999886.5 999886 0
> 999886.6 999886 0
> 999886.7 999886 0
> 999886.8 999886 0
> 999890.5 999890 0
> 999890.6 999890 0
> 999890.7 999890 0
> 999890.8 999890 0
> 999892.5 999892 0
> 999892.6 999892 0
> 999892.7 999892 0
> 999892.8 999892 0
> 999896.5 999896 0
> 999896.6 999896 4
> 999896.7 999896 3
> 999896.8 999896 0
> 999897.5 999897 0
> 999897.6 999897 0
> 999897.7 999897 0
> >
> > tail(with(suslm,tapply(sus,id_r,function(x) any(x==0))))
> 999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
> TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> > r <- with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))
> > tail(with(suslm, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0))))
> 999881 999886 999890 999892 999896 999897
> TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
>
> Based on this 999881 and 999896 should be FALSE not TRUE
>
> I would expect if they were true for the first command they should be false
> for the second command right?
>
> > tail(names(r[ r == TRUE ]))
> [1] "999752" "999767" "999806" "999807" "999881" "999896"
> > tail(names(r[ r == FALSE ]))
> [1] "999869" "999870" "999886" "999890" "999892" "999897"
>
> This command seems to do the right thing. Is that right?
>
>
> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 10:25 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez <> wrote:
>
>> Hi Chris,
>>
>> Sorry I did not see your email before ;-) Here is one option:
>>
>> > r <- with(d, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x > 0)))
>> > r
>> 11 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 30
>> 31 32
>> FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
>> FALSE FALSE
>> 33
>> FALSE
>> > names(r[ r == TRUE ])
>> [1] "15" "25"
>>
>> Regards,
>> Jorge
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 5:03 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>>
>>> Thanks. And how many could I find that have greater than 0?
>>> Chris
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 3:58 PM, Jorge Ivan Velez <> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi Chris,
>>>>
>>>> Is this what you have in mind?
>>>>
>>>> > sum(with(yourdata, tapply(sus, id_r, function(x) any(x==0))))
>>>> [1] 13
>>>>
>>>> HTH,
>>>> Jorge
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 4:44 PM, Christopher Desjardins <> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi,
>>>>> I have longitudinal school suspension data on students. I would like to
>>>>> figure out how many students (id_r) have no suspensions (sus), i.e.
>>>>> have a
>>>>> code of '0'. My data is in long format and the first 20 records look
>>>>> like
>>>>> the following:
>>>>>
>>>>> > suslm[1:20,c(1,7)]
>>>>> id_r sus
>>>>> 11 0
>>>>> 15 10
>>>>> 16 0
>>>>> 18 0
>>>>> 19 0
>>>>> 19 0
>>>>> 20 0
>>>>> 21 0
>>>>> 21 0
>>>>> 22 0
>>>>> 24 0
>>>>> 24 0
>>>>> 25 3
>>>>> 26 0
>>>>> 26 0
>>>>> 30 0
>>>>> 30 0
>>>>> 31 0
>>>>> 32 0
>>>>> 33 0
>>>>>
>>>>> Each id_r is unique and I'd like to know the number of id_r that have a
>>>>> 0
>>>>> for sus not the total number of 0. Does that make sense?
>>>>> Thanks!
>>>>> Chris
>>>>>
>>>>> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>>>>>
>>>>> ______________________________________________
>>>>> [hidden email] mailing list
>>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
>>>>> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>>>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>
>